Nikolay's Genetics Lessons

#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #kateBosworth #heterochromia #heterochromiaIridis #celebritiesWithHeterochromiaIridis #heterochromiaIridisEyes #heterochromiaIridum #sectoralHeterochromia #centralHeterochromia #partialHeterochromia #differentColouredEyes #heterochromiaEyes #heterochromiaIridisFc #henryCavill #whatIsHeterochromia #celebritiesWithHeterochromia #differentColoredEyes #multiColoredEyes #beautifulHeterochromia #biology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2Qug-I8JaM

#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #meganFox #meganFoxInterview #lamourUnfiltered #meganFox2022 #meganFoxAndKourtneyKardashian #meganFoxAyahuasca #meganFoxChildren #meganFoxColsonBaker #meganFoxEngagement #meganFoxFeminism #meganFoxKourtneyTravis #meganFoxMachineGunKelly #meganFoxMachineGunKellyDaddy #meganFoxMeganFoxGlamour #meganFoxMotherhood #meganFoxMovie #meganFoxUnfiltered #Brachydactyly #ClubbedThumbs #HOXD13Gene #genetics #mutation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QisdnNSpNSI

#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #BlackLiveMatters #africansWithBlueEyes #blueEyes #canBlackPeopleHaveBlueEyes #blackManWithBlueEyes #africanTribeWithBlueEyes #HowDidAfricansGetBlueEyes #blackPeopleWithBlueEyes #blueEyesGenetics #blueEyesMelanin #genetics #eyes #waardenburgSyndrome #Melanesians #amazingEyes #blueEyesBrownEyes #blueEyesRarity #blackCelebrityBlueEyes #blackGirlWithBlueEyes #heterochromia #twoColorEyes #blackBlueEyes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btkNa6B8a5k

#rnoldSchwarzenegger #arnold #schwarzenegger #arnoldMotivation #arnoldSchwarzeneggerBodybuildingMotivation #Myostatin #mstnGene #germanMyostatinBoy #myostatinMutation #doubleMuscle #myostatinInhibitor #myostatinBlocker #muscleHypertrophy #mightyMice #geneticMutation #rareGeneticMutation #muscleMutation #myostatinDeficiency #myostatinInhibition #mutantChild #doubleMuscleCow #doubleMuscleDog #belgianBlueCattle #doubleMuscleAnimals #bullyWhippet https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQSYvL5fVY0

#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #blackLivesMatter #DarkSkin #BlackPeople #Blond #melanesianBlondHairExplained #melanesianBlond #melanesianPeople #melanesianPeoplesOrigins #melanesianDnaTest #melanesianTribe #melanesianBlondeHairBlueEyes #areMelanesiansBlack #famousMelanesians #melanesianWomen #melanesianDna #blondHair #DNA #Melanesians #naturalBlondeHair #blondeHair #hairGenetics #genetics #DNATest #blondAfricans #melanesia #solomonIslands #polynesia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pacEeLDcxUU

Female pattern baldness is much less predictable than male pattern hair loss, and recent research has shown the genetics and mechanisms to be different. For women, genetic hair thinning, also called androgenetic alopecia, androgenic alopecia, or female pattern baldness, is the most common form of age-related hair loss. In their recent paper "Update on Pathogenesis, Genetics and Medical Treatments of Patterned Hair Loss," published in the November 2010 issue of Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, coauthors Dr. Eric Schweiger and Dr. Robert Bernstein reviewed the major advances in the genetics of women's hair loss over the past decade, as well as our understanding of how it is caused. Female pattern hair loss is estimated to affect 21 million women worldwide, most commonly older women. By age 20-30, only 6-12 percent of women experience female pattern hair loss, but by age 70, 40-55 percent of women experience some type of hair thinning. Female pattern hair loss in women increases with age and occurs when more hairs fall out than are replaced by regrowth, although the pattern of thinning is more diffuse (occurring all over the head with no general pattern) than the pattern in men. Female pattern baldness is caused by three factors: genes, hormones & age It was believed that female pattern hair loss was caused by the same mechanism as male pattern hair loss, but recent studies have shown some differences. While women do experience higher levels of the male hormone (androgen) testosterone in the blood stream as they age and estrogen decreases during menopause, testosterone does not convert to the follicle-attacking dihydrotestosterone (DHT), suggesting that the type II 5-alpha-reductase, which commonly occurs in men and increases as they age, is not as important in female pattern hair loss. Clinically, female pattern hair loss presents as a diffuse reduction in hair density affecting the crown and frontal scalp, as shown in the Ludwig Scale system of classification. As in male pattern hair loss, there is an alteration of the hair cycle with a gradual reduction in the duration of the growth phase (anagen) and an increase in the telogen phase between the time a hair is shed and the time a new one grows. Studies show the increase in the telogen phase is parallel to the increase in vellus (very fine) hair production and progressive hair follicle shrinkage. As age and pattern hair loss progress, the number of vellus hairs increases and the follicles continue to shrink, until the hair does not grow back and is lost. The review also found that women with fewer of a particular variant, in the androgen receptor (AR) gene were shown to have an increased risk of developing this type of female pattern hair loss. In women, the AR gene is located on the X chromosome and contains a region encoded by CAG repeats. Research has found that there is an inverse relationship between the number of repeats and AR activity. "If you have fewer CAG repeats, a ‘shorter’ gene than most people, then you have a higher risk of developing androgenic alopecia," said Dr. Schweiger. The number of CAG repeats has also been shown to have clinical implications for disease in women such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, hirsutism (excess facial hair) and acne. The diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia, or female pattern hair loss The diagnosis of female pattern hair loss is relatively straightforward when there is a gradual hair thinning in the front and/or top of the scalp, relative preservation of the frontal hairline, a positive family history of hair loss and the presence of miniaturization, which can be observed using a densitometer, a handheld instrument that magnifies a small area of the scalp where the hair has been clipped to about 1 millimeter in length. When the diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia is still uncertain, further diagnostic information can be obtained from a hair-pull test, a scraping and culture for fungus, a microscopic examination of the hair... #HairLossWomen #FemaleHairLoss #femalePatternHairLoss #femaleHairLossTreatments #hairThinning #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #hairLossTreatment #thinningHairWomen #hairLossInWomen #hairRestoration #hairLossTreatmentForWomen #alopecia #alopeciaTreatment #femaleHairLossTreatment #causesOfHairLossInWomen #suddenHairLossInWomen #howToStopHairLossInWomen #HairRegeneration #hairLossInYoungWomen #genetics #biology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kZ5B72UuuY

#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #atacama #alienSkeleton #science #tech #atacamaDesert #skeleton #alienSkeletonFound #mutant #genes #mutatedGenes #atacamaChile #alienBody #archaeology #mutantSkeleton #alienFound #biology #geneticDisorders #geneticDisordersInHumans #atacamaHumanoid2018 #atacamaAlien #atacamaMummy #history #bones #alienMutant #atacamaHumanoid #atacamaAlienDnaResults #ata #aliens #alien #discovery #Mummy #UFO #geneticsNews #Mystery #Bioarchaeology #DNA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4mjkZ9NnD4

#AestheticSurgery #CosmeticSurgery #PlasticSurgery #NycPlasticSurgery #NYCPlasticSurgeon #LuxurySkincare #Skincare #MakeOver #BeforeAndAfter #NoseContour #noseJob #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #genes #FaceFeatures #Ethnicity #genotype #phenotype #Rhinoplasty #RhinoplastyAnimation #rhinoplastyIstanbul #rhinoplastyTurkeyDoctor #rhinoplastyTurkey #cosmetology #nonsurgicalNoseLift #nonSurgicalNoseJobBump #noseJobVlog #noseJobExperience #genetics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zba1-oiU8iE

#TriBoob #ThreeBoobs #threeBreasts #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #3Breasts #threeTeats #chandlerFriendsTeats #chandlerFriends #funnyStories #draw #thirdBreast #thirdBreastChandler #breastExercise #breastIncreasingExercise #chestWorkoutAtHome #bigBoobs #howToIncreaseBreastSizeEasyHomeWorkouts #breastGrowthExercisesAtHome #chestWorkoutForWomen #breastIncreaseExerciseAtHome #howToGetBiggerChest #breastExerciseIncrease https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhWOm65BA6A

#HealthCareIssue #HealthcareScienceFieldOfStudy #breastCancer #breastCancerTypes #ductalBreastCancer #lobularBreastCancer #invasiveBreastCancer #noninvasiveBreastCancer #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #Cancer #breast #breastCancerAwareness #symptomsOfBreastCancer #signsOfBreastCancer #breastCancerCare #whatIsBreastCancer #breastCancerFacts #typesOfBreastCancer #causesOfBreastCancer #mammography #breastSurgery #breastPain #breastLumps https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZdh03YfeZ4

#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #grayHair #silverHair #over40 #GraingHair #naturalGrayHair #grayHairTransition #goingGray #growingOutGrayHair #whiteHair #transitioningHair #darkToSilver #blackToSilver #darkBrownToSilver #goGray #coldTurkey #longGrayHair #goingGreyBeforeAndAfterPictures #youngAndGrey #grayHairTransformation #greyHairTransformation #graiHairDelay #GREYHAIR #MOSTCOMMONCAUSESOFGREYHAIR #grayHairAtYoungAge https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOVZqlzkIZQ

#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #bald #hairLoss #ReverseMalePatternBaldness #malePatternBaldness #hairLossInMen #baldingInMen #balding #baldnessTreatmentForMen #baldnessCure #cureForHairLoss #hairLossTreatment #baldness #reverseMalePattern #maleBaldingPatterns #reverseMalePatternBaldnessNaturally #fightMaleBaldness #cureBaldness #hairLossCureInMen #causeOfHairLoss #causeOfBaldnes #propecia #minoxidil https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtcwUKLb6P0

PTC tasting: The myth To some people, small amounts of the compounds phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) or propylthiouracil (PROP) taste very bitter; other people do not taste these compounds. The myth is that there are only two kinds of people, tasters and non-tasters, and that the trait is controlled by a single gene, with the allele for tasting dominant over the allele for non-tasting. The reality PTC tasting as a character Fox (1932) was working in a lab with phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) when a colleague complained about the bitter taste of the chemical dust Fox was spreading around. Fox insisted that it was tasteless; to settle the disagreement, he had other colleagues taste the PTC and discovered that it had a strong bitter taste for some people, while others found it tasteless. This led to a large body of research on PTC tasting; Guo and Reed (2001) review the subject and cite 392 references, and there has been more work done since then. For most of the myths in this series, I had to dig deep to find every obscure scrap of information, but for PTC, I am just skimming the surface. The reviews by Guo and Reed (2001), Kim and Drayna (2004) and Wooding (2006) are good places to start if you'd like more information. Testing methods Some of the early studies put PTC crystals directly on the tongue, while others used solutions of PTC or paper soaked in PTC and then dried. However, some people would be classified as tasters with one technique and non-tasters with a different technique (Hartmann 1939, Lawless 1980). The most common method for measuring the ability to taste PTC involves finding the weakest concentration of PTC that tastes different from plain water (Blakeslee 1932). The technique of Harris and Kalmus (1950) for threshold measurement has been widely used, sometimes with small modifications. The subject is given a two-fold dilution series of PTC, starting with the weakest concentration and going up until they say they can taste it. The subject is then asked to sip four PTC solutions of that concentration and four plain waters, and identify which are PTC. If they get it correct, the next weaker solution is tried; if they get it incorrect, the next stronger solution is tried. The weakest PTC solution that the subject can correctly identify is the threshold. Harris and Kalmus (1950) found that the distribution of PTC tasting thresholds was bimodally distributed, but there were some intermediate individuals. Other studies have found similar results, a bimodal distribution with some intermediate individuals (Blakeslee 1932, Salmon and Blakeslee 1935, Falconer 1947, Olson et al. 1989, Whissell-Buechy et al. 1990, Guo et al. 1998, Drayna et al. 2003). A different way to measure PTC tasting is to give each subject an intermediate concentration of PTC solution, then ask them to rate it on a numeric scale, such as 0 (no taste) to 7 (very strong taste) (Lawless 1980). This category rating method is much quicker than the threshold detection method of Harris and Kalmus (1950) and exposes the subjects to much less PTC. It may also do a better job of separating people into two distinct categories, taster and non-taster (Lawless 1980), but it has not been used very often. In classrooms, the usual way to test PTC tasting is by having students taste a piece of paper that has been soaked in PTC. Some individuals who are classified as tasters using paper are non-tasters using a threshold test, and vice versa (Hartmann 1939, Lawless 1980). Khataan et al. (2009) asked subjects to taste a piece of paper containing 3 µg of PTC and rate it from 1 (not at all bitter) to 9 (extremely bitter). The variation among 911 subjects was not at all bimodal. Conclusion PTC tasting is largely determined by a single gene, TAS2R8, with two common alleles, and the allele for tasting is mostly dominant over the allele for non-tasting. However, both classical family and twin studies, and modern molecular genotyping, show that there are other genes or environme... #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #supertaster #tongue #tasteBud #papillae #bitter #sweet #sour #salty #umami #PTC #prop #paper #gene #dominant #Allele #tasteReceptor #sciShow #quickQuestion #hankGreen #science #PTCTestingPaper #PTCTestingStrips #DNA #electrophoresis #biotechnology #scienceExperiment #highSchoolScience #biology #biologyExperiment #biologyTeacher #education #scienceEducation #biologyEducation #polymeraseChainReaction #GelElectrophoresis #geneticsExperiment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLvFFvPY8Bc

Red hair color: The myth Some people have red hair, and some have hair that is various shades of blond or brown. The myth is that red hair is determined by a single gene, with the allele for red being recessive to alleles for other colors. The reality Hair color as a character Hair color is determined by the amount of eumelanin (which is dark brown) and pheomelanin (which is reddish). The amount of eumelanin ranges continuously from very little, producing light-blonde hair, to large amounts, producing black hair. People with large amounts of pheomelanin have red hair, which can range from pale red ("strawberry blond") to bright red to reddish brown. Most studies divide hair color into a small number of categories, such as blond, red, and brown. Reed (1952) criticized the subjectiveness of this approach and used a reflectance spectrophotometer to measure the amount of light reflected by hair at different wavelengths. He found that there was no clear separation of hair into two categories; instead there were some individuals with intermediate hair that could not easily be classified as red or non-red. Reed (1952) also examined hair under a microscope and found the reddish pheomelanin granules that are common in red hair were also in some individuals with brown hair. This suggests that when the red pheomelanin pigment is present, whether a person has red hair is determined by the amount of brown eumelanin pigment that the person also has. Family studies The variety of hair colors makes it difficult to summarize the results of family studies in detail. Davenport and Davenport (1909) found numerous examples of two brown-haired parents having red-haired offspring, which would suggest that it is determined by a recessive allele, but Neel (1943) found 13 out of 114 offspring of two red-haired parents to have non-red hair. Reed (1952) reviewed the various hypotheses that had been proposed, including that red was recessive; that red was dominant; that red was dominant, but could be masked by brown; or that red was usually recessive but could sometimes be dominant. Molecular genetics Valverde et al. (1995) surveyed DNA sequence variation in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene. They found several amino acid variants that were found in red-haired people but rare in non-red people. Box et al. (1997) identified the three most common amino acid polymorphisms that are associated with red hair: R151C, R160W, and D294H. This shorthand means that the common amino acids at positions 151, 160 and 294 in the protein are arginine (R), arginine, and aspartic acid (D), while the amino acids cysteine (C), tryptophan (W), and histidine (H) are found in redheads. Most alleles have only one of these three red-associated amino acids; for example, some alleles have cysteine at position 151 but arginine and aspartic acid at positions 160 and 294. There are a large number of rare amino acid polymorphisms in the MC1R gene, some of which may also be associated with red hair (Beaumont et al. 2007). Sulem et al. (2007) surveyed genetic variation throughout the genome of a large sample of Icelanders and found that MC1R is the only gene with a strong association with red hair. However, knowing the genotype of an individual at the MC1R locus is not enough to predict whether they have red hair. Beaumont et al. (2007) found that only 74% of individuals who were homozygous for tryptophan at position 160 have red hair, while 4% of individuals who were heterozygous for this amino acid had red hair. Box et al. (1997) found five pairs of dizygotic twins which had identical genotypes for the MC1R gene, yet one twin had red hair and the other didn't. Sulem et al. (2007) used the variation at the MC1R gene to try to predict hair color, and about a third of the individuals who were predicted to have red hair actually had blond or brown hair. Evolution The alleles associated with red hair are fairly common in northern European populations; in Britain and Ireland, t... #redheads #redheadsTruth #redHeadsTruth #truthAboutRedheads #redhead2Percent #redheadMutation #redheadGenes #redheadGeneticMutation #redheadVitaminD #redheadHotAndCold #redheadHot #redheadCold #redheadDisadvantages #redheadSmell #redheadPain #redheadTelevision #redheadActors #redheadActresses #redheadFaqs #redheadHistory #redheadBiology #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #redhead #redHead #redHeads #ginger #readhead #EyeColor #vitaminD #mutation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfxfHNs4tZc

#mythbusters #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #handClasping #inheritance #traits #inheritedTraits #genetics #alleles #dominantTrait #recessiveTrait #moomoomathAndScience #science #genes #DNA #DNABases #componentsOfDNA #dnaStructure #DNAFunction #biology #animation #cartoon #tutorial #lesson #explanation #basicsOfDNA #understandingDNA #simplified #chromosomes #whatIsDNA #howDoesDnaWork #heredity #pedigree #amoebaSisters #deoxyriboseNucleicAcid #nucleicAcid #significanceOfDna https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNDX-WoZUhU

#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #cheekDimples #dimpleCreationSurgery #dimplasty #dimplastyCost #cheekDimpleSurgery #dimplePlasticSurgery #smileDimples #surgicalDimples #surgeryToGetDimples #deepDimples #plasticSurgeryToGetDimples #faceDimpleSurgery #doubleDimples #whatCausesDimples #artificialDimpleSurgery #howLongDoSurgicallyCreatedDimplesLast #dimpleplastyLongevity #plasticSurgeryDimples #dimpleSurgery #cosmeticSurgeryDimples #genetics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUv_4DGkooo

#widowsPeakVsRecedingHairline #widowsPeakVsBalding #recedingHairline #widowsPeak #recedingHairlineMen #widowsPeakHairline #widowsPeakHairstyles #widowsPeakOrBalding #widowsPeakRemoval #doIHaveARecedingHairline #mensHairWidowsPeak #widowsPeakRecedingHairline #hairline #receding #badHairline #frontHairReceding #isMyHairReceding #isMyHairlineReceding #widowPeakHairline #benArthurHairLoss #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #genetics #biology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ka9XOeSuCpw

Eye color: The myth One of the oldest myths in human genetics is that having blue eyes is determined by a single gene, with the allele for blue eyes recessive to the allele for non-blue eyes (green, brown, or hazel). Many people who know nothing else about genetics think that two blue-eyed parents cannot have a brown-eyed child. The reality Eye color as a character The color of the iris is determined by the amount of melanin, the ratio of eumelanin (which is dark brown) to pheomelanin (which is reddish), and the way the melanin is distributed in the eye. Irises with little melanin appear blue due to scattering of light by collagen fibers in the iris. Blue, gray, green and hazel eyes are only common in people of European ancestry; other people's eyes are various shades of brown. Many studies divide eye colors into three categories: blue (or blue and gray); green and hazel; and brown. This has been criticized as an oversimplification (Brues 1975), and eye colors have been divided into nine categories (Mackey et al. 2011) or the hue and saturation values quantified (Liu et al. 2010). Eye color can change dramatically in the first few years of life, as many babies are born with blue eyes but then develop green or brown eyes (Matheny and Dolan 1975), and changes can also occur later in life (Bito et al. 1997, Liu et al. 2010). Some people have a blue or green iris with a brown ring around the pupil (Sturm and Larsson 2009), which makes the classification of eye color even more complicated. Family studies Davenport and Davenport (1907) were the first to suggest that blue eye color was caused by a recessive allele. They claimed that whenever both parents had blue eyes, all of the children have blue eyes, but their data actually included two hazel-eyed offspring of blue-eyed parents. The authors said "we suspect [these] to be of a blue type," whatever that means. Hurst (1908) divided eyes into just two types, "simplex" (blues and some grays, with no pigment on the outer surface of the iris) and "duplex" (all other colors). He found the following results: Parents Duplex offspring Simplex offspring Duplex x Duplex 240 18 Duplex x Simplex 187 137 Simplex x Simplex 0 101 Because there are no "duplex" (non-blue-eyed) offspring of two blue-eyed parents, these data fit the model of blue eyes being caused by a recessive allele at one gene. Holmes and Loomis (1909) criticized the earlier work, saying that eye color varies continuously, and dividing it into categories is arbitrary. Out of 52 offspring of two blue-eyed parents in their data, one had brown eyes and two had gray eyes, which does not fit the idea that blue eyes are caused by a recessive allele. Boas (1918) found an even larger number of non-blue-eyed offspring of two blue-eyed parents, 26 out of 223. Surprisingly, there don't seem to have been any parent-offspring studies of eye color since then, at least none that I could find. Molecular genetics A number of groups surveyed associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with eye color, with fairly consistent results: variation in the HERC2 and OCA2 genes, which are next to each other on chromosome 15, plays a major role in determining eye color. However, variation in at least 10 other genes, plus complicated interactions between these genes, also influences eye color (reviewed in Sturm and Larsson 2009, with more recent results in Liu et al. 2010 and Pospiech et al. 2011). Conclusion Eye color is not an example of a simple genetic trait, and blue eyes are not determined by a recessive allele at one gene. Instead, eye color is determined by variation at several different genes and the interactions between them, and this makes it possible for two blue-eyed parents to have brown-eyed c... #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #colour #iris #melanin #dominantAndRecessive #eyeColorPhenotype #WhatWillMyChildrenLookLike #FutureChild #StrongGenes #weakGenes #ColorOfFutureChildsEyes #inheritedPhysicalCharacteristics #brightSide #brightSideVideos #myFutureBaby #familyGenes #blueEyes #EyeColor #documentary #pupil #eyes #rarestEyeColors #eye #humanBody #greenEyes #hazelEyes #brownEyes #DNA #humanAnatomy #heredity #biology #genes #changeEyeColor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OA9QsOp7b3w

#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #BodyLanguageExpert #BodyLanguage #TheArmCross #ArmFolding #yourPersonality #whoYouReallyAre #yourDominantBrainSide #yourDominantHemisphere #personalityTest #findOutYourDominantBrainSide #personalityQuiz #personalityTypes #personalityTraits #character #testYourPersonality #personalityTestPsychology #psychologyTricks #psychologicalTips #Relationship #creativity #PhenotypicTrait #dominance #GeneticsFieldOfStudy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBW9Hs-uw2w

#chinDimple #chinCleft #cleftChin #dimpleOnChin #dimpledChin #dimplesOnTheCheeks #dimpleChin #freckles #hair #hairline #shapeOfFacialFeatures #UnderstandingGenetic #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #getRidOfCleftChinSubliminal #getRidOfCleftChinNaturally #getRidOfCleftChinWithoutSurgery #cleftChinRemovalSubliminal #cleftChinRemovalNaturally #cleftChinRemovalNonSurgical #cleftChinRemovalWithoutSurgery #removeCleftChinSubliminal #genetics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2OKPKAG8_U