#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #TongueFolding #tongueRolling #TongueTie #howToRollYourTongue #GeneticsMyth #myth #Debunking #tongue #genetics #dominantTrait #recessiveTrait #genitype #phenotype #interestingFacts #mythBusters #AmIAdopted #tongueRoll #howToKnowIfYouAreAdopted #enrrollarLegua #hacerTuboConLaLengua #genetic #HumanGenetic #amIAdopted #geneticTongueExperience #geneticTongueExperiment #biology #naturalSciences
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X83IJPRKDeE
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #eugenics #sterilization #IQTests #IQScore #genetics #margaretSanger #reproduction #nazis #naziGermany #naziEugenics #racialHygiene #civilRights #AryanRace #breeding #humanMating #matingOfPeople #peopleMating #eugenicsTheory #darkSideOfScienceDocumentary #charlesDarwin #galton #scienceDocumentary #BabyAlbertExperiment #theMonsterStudy #DarkSideOfScience #scientificDocumentary #historyDocumentary #adolfHitler #Lebensborn #Aryan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlbWDqcuLtg
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #nutrition #geneticallyModified #crops #plants #foods #proteins #pesticide #geneticallyModifiedFoodsAndTheirProsAndCons #geneticallyModifiedFoods #GMO #geneticallyModifiedFood #gmos #gmoFoods #gmoFood #unhealthyFoods #geneticallyModifiedOrganism #PlantGenetics #plantBreeding #breeding #monsanto #hybridSeeds #GeneticallyModifiedOrganismFilmSubject #GeneticallyModiefiedOrganism #geneticallyEngineeredOrganism #transgenicOrganism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a59WBisnZGk
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #nutrition #geneticallyModified #crops #plants #foods #proteins #pesticide #geneticallyModifiedFoodsAndTheirProsAndCons #geneticallyModifiedFoods #GMO #geneticallyModifiedFood #gmos #gmoFoods #gmoFood #unhealthyFoods #geneticallyModifiedOrganism #PlantGenetics #plantBreeding #breeding #monsanto #hybridSeeds #GeneticallyModifiedOrganismFilmSubject #GeneticallyModiefiedOrganism #geneticallyEngineeredOrganism #transgenicOrganism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7gZC8jx1yI
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #GeneticEngineering #GCSEBiologyRevisionGenetics #fuseschoolGlobalEducation #biologyGeneticsFuseschool #insulinInjection #howToProduceInsulin #howToProduceInsulinInIndustry #GeneticModification #howGeneticEngineeringWorks #whatIsGeneticEngineering #geneticEngineeringMeaning #howDoesGeneticEngineeringWork #GMOGeneticEngineering #geneticallyModifiedOrganisms #geneticEngineeringExplained #GMO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QpDG9fgaVw
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #GMO #gmos #geneticallyModifiedOrganism #genetics #cripsr #food #Agriculture #btCrops #monsanto #organic #natural #pesticide #herbicide #GeneticallyModifiedOrganismOrganizationSector #gmoLabeling #labeling #PlanetForwardTVProgram #GeorgeWashingtonUniversitySchoolOfMediaAndPublicAffairsDepartment #GeorgeWashingtonUniversityOrganization #WashingtonDCCityTownVillage #SustainableAgricultureOrganizationSector #GMOCrops
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sACbzy0hRY4
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #geneticallyModifiedOrganisms #gmos #theProblemWithGmos #theRealProblemWithGmos #nongmoProject #gmoFood #gmoFoodAdvantagesAndDisadvantages #gmoFoodExplained #gmoFoodKurzgesagt #gmoFoodLabels #gmoFoodProcess #gmoFoodTedTalk #theRealProblemWithGmoFood #food #GMO #geneticallyModifiedFood #GeneticEngineering #gmoFoods #geneticallyModified #geneticallyModifiedFoodsAndTheirProsAndCons #geneticallyModifiedFoods
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvherFKSqao
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #geneticallyModifiedOrganisms #gmos #theProblemWithGmos #theRealProblemWithGmos #nongmoProject #gmoFood #gmoFoodAdvantagesAndDisadvantages #gmoFoodExplained #gmoFoodKurzgesagt #gmoFoodLabels #gmoFoodProcess #gmoFoodTedTalk #theRealProblemWithGmoFood #food #GMO #geneticallyModifiedFood #GeneticEngineering #gmoFoods #geneticallyModified #geneticallyModifiedFoodsAndTheirProsAndCons #geneticallyModifiedFoods
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5lbEXqZ1O4
#nazi #WWII #worldWar2 #war #eugenics #Lebensborn #concentrationCamp #genetics #naziExperiments #AryanChildrenForTheFhrer #ChildrenOfLebensborn #lebensbornDocumentary #lebensbornProgramWw2 #lebensbornBabiesToday #lebensbornNorwayDocumentary #lebensbornStory #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #WoldWarTwo #WWI #EuropeanWar #WW2 #SecondWorldWar #documentary #Historian #history #baby #WorldWar #thirdReich #Himmler #dagger #christening #Aryan #Race #breeding #SS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AO8pJRReB1o
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #MouseAnimal #ExperimentLiteratureSubject #AnimalFilmGenre #LaboratoryBuildingFunction #ScienceTVGenre #labRatTesting #JohnsHopkinsUniversityOfMedicine #RobertJAdams #researchAnimalResources #animalResearch #medicineTesting #vikramGandhiVice #vikramGandhi #biomedicalResearch #prisonerMedicalExperiments #allenHornblum #careerLabRat #professionalLabRat #clinicalResearch #laboratoryExperiment #genetics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRrJt_2tofY
The distinction between positive and negative eugenics is perhaps the best-known distinction that has been made between forms that eugenics takes. Roughly, positive eugenics refers to efforts aimed at increasing desirable traits, while negative eugenics refers to efforts aimed at decreasing undesirable traits. Still, it is easy to fall into confusion in drawing and deploying the distinction in particular contexts. Clarity here is important not only historically, but also for appeals to the distinction in contemporary discussions of “new eugenics” or “newgenics”.
Positive vs Negative Eugenics: The Basic Distinction
The basic idea behind the distinction is relatively easy to convey. Eugenics aims to use science for human improvement over generations by changing the composition of human populations; it does so by favouring the reproduction of certain sorts or kinds of people over others. That favouring could take the form of facilitating the reproduction of some—those with desirable traits—or it could take the form of inhibiting the reproduction of others—those with undesirable traits. The first of these is positive eugenics; the second is negative eugenics.
Historically, positive eugenic measures have included promoting the idea that healthy, high-achieving people should have children, or have larger families; introducing institutions and policies that encourage marriage and family life for such people; and establishing sperm banks where eugenically desirable traits, such as intelligence, are criterial either for donors or are listed as present in the donor for users to consider in their choices. Negative eugenic measures have included immigration restriction based on putatively eugenically undesirable traits, including race, nationality, and ethnicity; discouragement or prohibition of marriage and family life for those with eugenically undesirable traits; and sexual segregation, sterilization, and euthanasia of those with such traits.
Origins of the Distinction
Even before coining the term “eugenics” in 1883, Sir Francis Galton had focused his eugenic gaze on the putative heritability of desirable traits, like intelligence and good character, in his book Hereditary Genius (1869). Around that same time, eugenic ideas in North America that arose through the eugenic family studies, beginning with Richard Dugdale's The Jukes (1877), were focused on undesirable traits, such as pauperism, insanity, and alcoholism.
The obstetrician Caleb Williams Saleeby originally drew the distinction between positive and negative eugenics at the beginning of Part II of his Parenthood and Race Culture: An Outline of Eugenics (1909), where he turns from the theory to the practice of eugenics. However, Saleeby here says of these two forms of eugenics, simply that the “one would seek to encourage the parenthood of the worthy, the other to discourage the parenthood of the unworthy” (p.172), noting that positive and negative eugenics are complementary and manifestations of the very same principle. As is made clear earlier in the book, Saleeby sees himself as following Galton's lead in a number of ways. First, Saleeby sees negative eugenics as being of increasing importance as a practical measure, and in light of this, goes on to articulate the sorts of people who fall under the heading of the “eugenically unworthy”. As Saleeby lists them, these are the deaf and dumb, the feeble-minded, the insane (including the “epileptic insane”), and the criminal. Second, with the appeal to “encourage” and “discourage”, there is an emphasis on the role of education in both positive and negative eugenics, particularly with respect to parenting ability and heredity, which Saleeby himself considers to be distinct aspects of the eugenic worthiness and unworthiness of individuals.
These two points elucidate several broader features of early 20th-century eugenics. This first shows that it was not simply people with certain traits who...
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #ohnGreen #hankGreen #EugenicsTedTalk #EugenicsCrashCourse #Eugenics1920s #EugenicsDocumentaryPbs #EugenicsDailyDoseDocumentary #Eugenics1920sAmerica #EugenicsAmericanExperience #EugenicsPbs #EugenicsDocumentaryNetflix #dailyDoseDocumentary #dailydosenowcom #eugenicsMovement #forcedSterilization #SelectiveBreeding #sterilization #eugenics #biomedicine #bioethics #Race #history #nazi #medicine #laughlin #genetics #overpopulation #gene #hitler
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1UW2JS7RkM
#science #lecture #SeriousScience #genetics #Intelligence #psychology #IQ #IQTest #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #DoesYourFamilyMakeYouSmarter #StevenPinker #intelligenceStudies #areWeGettingSmarter #natureVsNurture #TheFlynnEffect #eugenics #Smart #Smarter #MoreSmart #Genius #Einstein #StephenHawking #genetic #GeneticallyImprove #DNA #gene #genes #Nucleobase #Human #geneticCode #HumanGenomeProject #SequenceGenome #CognitiveGenomicsProject
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0wVthx8Sck
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #eugenics #science #biology #eugenicsMovement #SelectiveBreeding #whatIsEugenics #eugenicsInAmerica #whatIsEugenicsMovement #theEugenicsMovement #eugenicsHistory #sterilization #forcedSterilizationsInTheUs #forcedSterilizations #saraRosasGarcia #IQTests #IQScore #andreaGarcia #evolution #genetics #sirFrancisGalton #margaretSanger #henryHGoddard #reproduction #holocaust #nazis #naziGermany #naziEugenics #racialHygiene
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HDAo0ZHpc8
#eugenics #lecture #history #ColdSpringHarborLaboratory #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #currentEvents #china #MaoZedong #communism #communistParty #NikitaKhrushchev #JosephStalin #GreatLeapForward #students #humanRights #humanRightsAbuses #revolution #ruralChina #USSR #military #LinBiao #RedGuard #SouthernChina #politicalViolence #classStruggle #politicalPhilosophy #ChinesePolitics #ChineseHistory #TiananmenSquare #socialism #CulturalRevolution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Z5XXVaeTcM
#china #chinaOneChildPolicy #chineseOneChildPolicy #birthControl #birthControlInChina #populationControl #chinaBirthExplosion #birthControlMethods #exceptionToOneChildPolicy #chinaEthnicMinority #oneChildPolicy #historyOfOneChildPolicy #missingWomen #chinaMissingWomen #chinaAgingPopulation #whoIsAffectedByOneChildPolicy #didChinaOneChildPolicyFail #testtube #testTube #JulesSuzdaltsev #News #currentEvents #NikolaysGeneticsLessons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCViLAUvTLs
#populations #origin #Indians #DNA #HumanMigration #Migrations #SouthAsia #CentralAsia #India #Aryans #Europe #EuropeanSteppes #Iranians #Agriculturists #Pastoralists #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #thinkbangla #thinkenglish #bonyaAhmed #imtiazShams #dravidians #northSouthIndia #AncientDNA #AryanInvasionIndia #historyOfIndia #indiaDocumentary #ancientIndia #indusValleyCivilization #AryanMigrationTheory #AryanInvasionTheory #indoaryan #indiaArcheology #migrationTheory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTPlrLRKeNs
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #Migrations #SouthAsia #CentralAsia #India #Aryans #Europe #EuropeanSteppes #Iranians #Agriculturists #Pastoralists #masaman #Pakistan #genetics #DNA #ancestry #Indians #Pakistanis #Bangladesh #northIndia #southIndia #southIndians #dravidians #indoaryan #AngloIndian #mixedRace #mixedRaceIndians #hindi #marathi #gujarati #Race #Ethnicity #23andme #23AndMe #GeneticsOfIndia #telugu #northIndiaVsSouthIndia #whyDoSouthIndiansLookDifferentThanNorthIndians
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYyagwlUsnc
A recent groundbreaking historical genetics paper reported results which indicated that a substantial proportion of men in the world are direct line descendants of Genghis Khan. By direct line, I mean that they carry Y chromosomes which seem to have come down from an individual who lived approximately 1,000 years ago. As Y chromosomes are only passed from father to son, that would mean that the Y is a record of one’s patrilineage.
Genghis Khan died ~750 years ago, so assuming 25 years per generation, you get about 30 men between the present and that period. In more quantitative terms, ~10% of the men who reside within the borders of the Mongol Empire as it was at the death of Genghis Khan may carry his Y chromosome, and so ~0.5% of men in the world, about 16 million individuals alive today, do so.
Since 2003 there have been other cases of “super-Y” lineages. For example the Manchu lineage and the Uí Néill lineage. The existence of these Y chromosomal lineages, which have burst upon the genetic landscape like explosive stars sweeping aside all other variation before them, indicates a periodic it “winner-take-all” dynamic in human genetics more reminiscent of hyper-polygynous mammals such as elephant seals. As we do not exhibit the sexual dimorphism which is the norm in such organisms, it goes to show the plasticity of outcome due to the flexibility of human cultural forms.
Jason Goldman of Thoughtful Animal reminded me of the 2003 paper a few days ago, so I thought it would be useful to review it again for new readers (as I know most of you have not been reading for 7 years!). To understand how one Y chromosomal lineage can have such a wide distribution across such a large proportion of the human race, here is a quote attributed to Genghis Khan:
The greatest joy for a man is to defeat his enemies, to drive them before him, to take from them all they possess, to see those they love in tears, to ride their horses, and to hold their wives and daughters in his arms.
You’re probably more familiar with the paraphrase in Conan the Barbarian.
The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols: "We have identified a Y-chromosomal lineage with several unusual features. It was found in 16 populations throughout a large region of Asia, stretching from the Pacific to the Caspian Sea, and was present at high frequency: ∼8% of the men in this region carry it, and it thus makes up ∼0.5% of the world total. The pattern of variation within the lineage suggested that it originated in Mongolia ∼1,000 years ago. Such a rapid spread cannot have occurred by chance; it must have been a result of selection. The lineage is carried by likely male-line descendants of Genghis Khan, and we therefore propose that it has spread by a novel form of social selection resulting from their behavior."
What is social selection? In this context it’s pretty obvious, the Mongol Empire was the personal property of the “Golden Family,” the family of Genghis Khan. More precisely this came to consist of the descendants of Genghis Khan’s four sons by his first and primary wife, Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, and Tolui. Like descent from the gods in the mythology of the Classical World, or the House of David in medieval Christian monarchies, a line back to Genghis Khan became a necessary precondition for fitness to be a ruler in the centuries after the rise of the Mongol Empire across much of Asia.
To me the power and fury of the Mongol expansion, the awe and magnetism which Genghis Khan’s bloodline held for Asiatic societies in the wake of their world conquest, is attested to by the fact that descent from Genghis Khan became a mark of prestige even within Islamic societies.
Timur claimed a relationship to Chagatai. His descendants in India, the Timurids, retained pride in their Genghiside heritage. In Russia among the Muslim Tatars and in Central Asia among the Uzbeks descent from Genghis Khan was a major calling card for any would-be warlord.
This is pecul...
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #genghisKhan #genghisKhanHistory #genghisKhanDocumentary #modernDecendentsOfGenghisKhan #genghisKhanFacts #genghis #birthOfGenghisKhan #khan #insaneFactsAboutGenghisKhan #factsAboutGenghisKhan #temujinGenghisKhan #chinggisKhan #genghisKhanBbc #howAreWeRelatedToOneAnother #genghisKhanRival #genghisKhanmonarch #genghisKhanInsaneFacts #PopulationGenetics #geneticsOfPopulations #yChromosome #Migration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmttsEdscSY
#whyDidSpartaCollapse #WhyDidSpartaFall #WhatCausedTheFallOfSparta #WhatCausedTheDownfallOfSparta #DidSpartaEverLose #WhenWasSpartaDefeated #HowManyYearsDidSpartaLast #DidSpartans #Spartans #Spartan #IsSpartacusReal #AreThereStillSpartans #TheCollapseOfSparta #TheFallOfSparta #FallOfSpartans #AthensAndSparta #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #eugenics #SpartanWarriors #ancientGreece #socialStudies #SpartanArmy #SpartanSchool
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkMHLhnypQ8
#NikolaysGeneticsLessons #communism #diplomaticRelations #cuba #UnitedStates #politicalPhilosophy #KarlMarx #Lenin #FriedrichEngels #coldWar #whatIsCommunism #socioeconomicSystem #meansOfProduction #marxism #germanPhilosophers #socialism #socialismVsCommunism #testtube #testTube #evanPuschak #News #Russia #CubaUSRelations #fidelCastro #RaulCastro #presidentObama #communismExplained #whatIsMarxism #differenceBetweenSocialismAndCommunism #eugenics #Putin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0jRr4h_VVs